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4G and LTE

The 4G technology is the successor to the 3G technology. Cellular providers are still building out their 4G networks. Theoretically, 4G is much faster than 3G. But before we start comparing 4G speed to 3G speed, it is important to understand there are different versions of 4G. When talking about 4G, things can get a little confusing. Basically, there is 4G and 4G LTE.  Many people consider LTE to be true 4G technology. Generally, if a cellular provider describes a 4G network without mentioning LTE, they are probably talking about a High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) network. The HSPA network is a faster version of the 3G GSM network. While not as fast as an LTE network, it is still faster than a 3G network. Since LTE is still relatively new, the cellular providers haven‟t fully built out their LTE networks yet. Be careful when looking at the network coverage maps on the providers‟ websites. Some companies claim to have broad nationwide 4G coverage.  They may really be taking about HSPA coverage and not LTE coverage. In theory, LTE can be up to ten times faster than 3G. In practice, the actual network speed will vary based on network load and signal strength. Even if LTE does not meet its theoretical speed,
it is still much faster than 3G. Activities that require large amounts of data, such as streaming movies, work very well on an LTE network. If you plan to perform a lot of data-hungry activities or simply want the best performance when surfing the Internet, you should really plan on buying a smartphone that supports LTE. If you are considering buying an iPhone, you will find three models available: iPhone 5, iPhone 4S, and the iPhone 4. The iPhone 4S and the iPhone 4 are sold at reduced prices because they are older models. The iPhone 5 is the newest model and supports LTE. The iPhone 4S supports HSPA, which some cellular carriers call 4G. The iPhone 4 will only support 3G networks. UPDATE – September 2013: The currently available iPhone models are the 5S, 5C, and 4S. The 5S and 5C support LTE while the 4S supports 3G. When buying a new smartphone, don‟t be fooled by all the marketing hype about 4G and LTE networks. Understand the different network technologies available and try using the Internet on the smartphone before you buy. The LTE technology provides the fastest cellular data network available and the speed difference between LTE, 4G (HSPA), and 3G can be quite noticeable.

InfoTech : What is 3G

InfoTech : What is 3G: What is 3G,– and Why Should I Care? If you own a smartphone, you undoubtedly have heard the terms 3G, 4G, and LTE. Cellular providers s...

What is 3G

What is 3G,– and Why Should I Care? If you own a smartphone, you undoubtedly have heard the terms 3G, 4G, and LTE. Cellular providers such as AT&T and Verizon continuously advertise they have biggest or fastest 4G network or LTE network. It‟s difficult to understand how each company can make those claims. However, when buying a new smartphone, it is important to understand the difference. The type of data network can directly impact the performance of your smartphone. When you buy a smartphone, you are typically required to sign up for a service plan that defines a certain amount of calling minutes and data usage. Once connected to the cellular provider‟s network, the smartphone can communicate with the outside world to support features such as email, maps, and Internet browsing. Many of the smartphone apps rely on sending and receiving data across the network. When describing smartphone data networks, you commonly hear the terms 3G, 4G, and LTE. This refers to the generation of network technology.  The third generation network, known as 

3G, is the oldest technology of the group. 4G is the fourth generation data network and LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. The basic difference between them is the speed of the network. When selecting a smartphone, the older models may not support the newer data network technology. It is important to select a model that supports a data speed appropriate for your needs. 3G Network The 3G network was the first technology with sufficient speed to provide a decent user experience on a smartphone.  There were some smartphones that used the older 2G EDGE technology, but the data speeds were slow and the user spent a lot of time waiting for data to load. Each of the major cellular providers have 3G networks that provide coverage across most of the country. There are two competing 3G technologies currently being used: Global System for Mobiles (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). AT&T and T-Mobile use the GSM technology while Verizon and Sprint use the CDMA technology. Since the technologies are not compatible with each other, this is the reason you can‟t use a Verizon phone on an AT&T network (or vice versa). 

Long Term Evolution

LTE Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a mobile network technology that is being deployed by mobile operators on both the GSM and the CDMA technology paths.  Depending on the spectrum available, live LTE networks can deliver very fast data speeds of up to 100Mbps in the downlink and 50Mbps in the uplink. Designed to be backwards-compatible with GSM and HSPA, LTE incorporates Multiple In Multiple Out (MIMO) technology, the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) air interface in the downlink and Single Carrier FDMA in the uplink. This combination provides high levels of spectral efficiency and network performance, coupled with high network capacity and low latency. LTE will support spectrum channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and can operate in both paired spectrum (in FDD mode) and unpaired spectrum (in TDD mode). Although both LTE and WiMAX use the OFDMA air interface, LTE‟s compatibility with existing GSM and HSPA networks enables mobile operators to continue to provide a seamless service across LTE and existing deployed networks. LTE networks have now been launched by mobile operators Europe, Asia and North America. In the U.S., the largest CDMA operator, Verizon Wireless, for example, launched commercial LTE services at the end of 2010. LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced is designed to enable a further step change in data rates.  Incorporating higher order MIMO (4×4 and beyond) and allowing multiple carriers to be bonded together into a single stream, LTE-Advanced‟s target is to achieve peak data rates of 1Gbps. Other innovations being incorporated into LTE-Advanced include the use of non-contiguous frequency ranges (to alleviate congestion in the increasingly-crowded core spectrum bands), base 

stations that will be able to connect themselves to an operator‟s network and the seamless integration of femtocells using so-called self-organising network techniques. Standards body 3GPP intends LTE-Advanced to be its technology candidate for the ITU-R IMTAdvanced process, which is intended to identify „4G‟ technologies

InfoTech : GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, or...

InfoTech : GSM  (Global System for Mobile Communications, or...: GSM  (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is a standard developed by the European Telecommunica...

GSM 

(Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. It is the de facto global standard for mobile communications with over 90% market share, and is available in over 219 countries and territories.[2] The GSM standard was developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This was expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS). Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third generation (3G) UMTS standards followed by fourth generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which are not part of the ETSI GSM standard. "GSM" is a trademark owned by the GSM Association. It may also refer to the initially most common voice codec used, Full Rate. GSM What is GSM? GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. What does GSM offer? GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbps, together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service). GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. GSM services are also transmitted via 850MHz spectrum in Australia, Canada and 

many Latin American countries. The use of harmonised spectrum across most of the globe, combined with GSM‟s international roaming capability, allows travellers to access the same mobile services at home and abroad. GSM enables individuals to be reached via the same mobile number in up to 219 countries. Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 90% of the world‟s population. GSM satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is not available. 

Wireless LAN:

 AWLAN provides wireless network communication over short distances using radio or infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling. A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are built by attaching a device called the access point (AP) to the edge of the wired network. Clients communicate with the AP using a wireless network adapter similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter. Network security remains an important issue for WLANs. Random wireless clients must usually be prohibited from joining the WLAN. Technologies like WEP raise the level of security on wireless networks to rival that of traditional wired networks. A wireless LAN (or WLAN, for wireless local area network, sometimes referred to as LAWN, for local area wireless network) is one in which a mobile user can connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless (radio) connection. The IEEE 802.11 group of standards specify the technologies for wireless LANs. 802.11 standards use the Ethernet protocol and CSMA/CA(carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) for path sharing and include an encryption method, the Wired Equivalent Privacy algorithm. (Wireless Local Area Network) A communications network that provides connectivity to wireless devices within a limited geographic area. "Wi-Fi (Wireless fidelity)" is the universal standard for wireless networks and is the wireless equivalent of wired Ethernet networks. In the office, Wi-Fi networks are adjuncts to the wired networks. At home, a Wi-Fi network can serve as the only network since all laptops and many printers come with Wi-Fi built in, and Wi-Fi can be added to desktop computers via USB. Wi-Fi is achieved with a wireless base station, called an "access point." Its antennas transmit and receive a radio frequency within a range of 30 to 150 feet through walls and other non-metal barriers. The key hardware components of a wireless computer network include adapters, routers and access points, antennas and repeaters. Wireless network adapters (also known as wireless NICs or wireless network cards) are required for each device on a wireless network. All newer laptop computers incorporate wireless adapters
as a built-in feature of the system. Separate add-on adapters must be purchased for older laptop PCs; these exist in either PCMCIA"credit card" or USB form factors. No wireless hardware other than adapters is required to build a small local network. However, to increase the performance of network connections, accommodate more computers, and increase the network's range, additional types of hardware can be deployed such as routers and access points, antennas and repeaters.

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DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)

      A Domain Name System or Domain Name Service (DNS) is a network protocol whose job is to map domain names such as “gohacking.com” to its corresponding IP address like “104.28.6.51”. Since Internet is the mother of millions of computers each having a unique IP address, it becomes impossible for people to remember the IP address of each and every computer they want to access. So, in order to make this process simpler the concept of
domain names was introduced. As a result users can easily access any website just by typing their domain names in the browser’s address bas such as “google.com” or “yahoo.com” without having to remember their actual IP addresses.
       However, since the network protocol understands only the IP address and not the domain names, it is necessary to translate the domain name back to its corresponding IP address before establishing a connection with the target server. This is where DNS comes in handy. Your Internet Service Provider has a DNS server which maintains a huge record of existing domain names and their corresponding IP addresses. Each time you type the URL such as “http://www.google.com” on your browser’s address bar, your computer will use
         the DNS server from the ISP and translates the domain name “google.com” to its      corresponding IP address to make a connection with the Google’s server. All this process will happen in a split second behind the scenes and hence goes unnoticed.

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Ethical Hacking..

Hacking has been a part of computing for almost five decades and it is a very broad discipline, which covers a wide range of topics. The first known event of hacking had taken place in 1960 at MIT and at the same time, the term "Hacker" was originated.
Hacking is the act of finding the possible entry points that exist in a computer system or a computer network and finally entering into them. Hacking is usually done to gain unauthorized access to a computer system or a computer network, either to harm the systems or to steal sensitive information available on the computer.
Hacking is usually legal as long as it is being done to find weaknesses in a computer or network system for testing purpose. This sort of hacking is what we call Ethical Hacking.
A computer expert who does the act of hacking is called a "Hacker". Hackers are those who seek knowledge, to understand how systems operate, how they are designed, and then attempt to play with these systems.
Types Of hacking...

We can segregate hacking into different categories, based on what is being hacked. Here is a set of examples:
 Website Hacking: Hacking a website means taking unauthorized control over a web server and its associated software such as databases and other interfaces.

 Network Hacking: Hacking a network means gathering information about a network by using tools like Telnet, NS lookup, Ping, Tracert, Netstat, etc. with the intent to harm the network system and hamper its operation.

 Email Hacking: It includes getting unauthorized access on an Email account and using it without taking the consent of its owner.  

 Ethical Hacking: Ethical hacking involves finding weaknesses in a computer or network system for testing purpose and finally getting them fixed.

 Password Hacking: This is the process of recovering secret passwords from data that has been stored in or transmitted by a computer system.


 Computer Hacking: This is the process of stealing computer ID and password by applying hacking methods and getting unauthorized access to a computer system